In 1993 Kuz’minov and Osiko pointed out that the ‘disturbance�?of stoichiometry in LN crystals is mostly due to the insufficient oxygen in Nb2O5, utilized as a Uncooked materials Original melt (Czochralski technique) [186]. Appropriately, according to its output technological innovation, niobium pentoxide can undertake a wide range of compositions Nb2O5−x. https://-lithiumniobatecrystal53073.total-blog.com/new-step-by-step-map-for-lithium-niobate-crystal-57750766